A mind outside the brain

 

Proponents say the mind does not exclusively reside in the brain or even the body, but extends into the physical world.

David Chalmers on Extending the Mind Beyond the Brain

THE notion of the extended mind challenges traditional understandings of cognition by suggesting that mental processes are not confined solely to the brain but are, instead, distributed across the brain, body and environment.

This innovative perspective posits that the tools we use, the spaces we inhabit, and the social interactions we engage in are integral components of our cognitive processes.

Rather than viewing the mind as an isolated entity, the extended mind theory encourages us to consider how our surroundings, technologies and relationships shape our thoughts, memories and problem-solving abilities.

At its core, the concept emphasises that cognition is not merely an internal affair but a dynamic interplay between individual mental states and external factors.

This framework opens up a rich field of inquiry into how we think, learn and interact with the world around us.

By recognising the mind’s extension into the external world, we gain new insights into the nature of intelligence and the ways in which we can enhance our cognitive capabilities.

Roots of theory

The extended mind theory draws from a rich tapestry of philosophical thought.

One of the earliest proponents of ideas resembling the extended mind was American philosopher William James, who emphasised the fluidity of consciousness and the importance of external stimuli in shaping mental states.

Additionally, the works of phenomenologists, particularly Maurice Merleau-ponty, highlighted the embodied nature of cognition, asserting that our understanding of the world is deeply intertwined with our physical presence within it.

Andy Clark and David Chalmers’ contribution was particularly groundbreaking, as they introduced the parity principle, which states that if an external entity functions in the same way as an internal cognitive process, we should consider it part of the cognitive system.

This principle challenges traditional notions of mind and body as separable entities, suggesting instead that our cognitive landscape extends into our interactions with the world, including the tools we use and the social contexts we inhabit.

Despite its innovative approach, the extended mind theory has faced scrutiny from various quarters – critics argue that it risks overextending the boundaries of cognition. They assert that while tools may assist cognitive functions, they do not replace or embody them in the same manner as internal mental processes.

Proponents, however, say that cognitive processes can indeed be distributed, emphasising that the relationship between mind and environment is not merely one of assistance but a dynamic interplay that shapes thought itself.

By acknowledging the role of external elements, proponents assert that we gain a more nuanced understanding of cognition, one that reflects the complexities of human experience in an increasingly interconnected world.

By looking beyond the confines of the brain, we can explore the intricate relationships between mind, body and environment, setting the stage for a deeper investigation into the implications of this theory.

Key areas involved

There are three key areas where the implications of the extended mind theory manifest:

> The environment

The extended mind theory posits that cognitive processes are not confined to the brain but are distributed across the individual and their environment.

This perspective encourages researchers to explore how physical spaces, social contexts, and even the material objects we interact with can shape our cognitive abilities.

For example, studies have shown that the arrangement of a workspace can significantly impact creativity and problem-solving capabilities. Environments rich in stimuli can enhance memory recall, while those lacking in engagement may lead to cognitive stagnation.

Moreover, the concept of affordances i.e. how the environment offers opportunities for action, plays a crucial role in shaping our cognitive experiences.

When individuals interact with their surroundings, they engage in a dynamic exchange that influences their thought processes.

This interaction suggests that understanding cognition requires a holistic view that incorporates environmental factors rather than isolating cognitive functions within the confines of the brain.

> Role of technology

Technological advancements have further expanded the boundaries of the extended mind.

From smartphones to wearable devices, technology has become an integral part of our cognitive tool kit.

These tools not only serve as extensions of our memory – storing information we might otherwise forget – but also enhance our problem-solving abilities by providing instant access to vast amounts of data.

Cognitive scientists are increasingly examining how technology modifies our cognitive processes e.g. using augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality.

However, this increased reliance on technology raises important questions about cognitive offloading – where individuals transfer cognitive tasks to external devices.

While this can lead to increased efficiency, it may also result in a decline in certain cognitive skills, such as memory and attention.

The challenge lies in striking a balance between leveraging technology as an extension of our cognitive capabilities while maintaining the essential skills that underpin our cognitive health.

> Social interactions

The extended mind framework also emphasises the role of social interactions in cognitive processes, highlighting how collective cognition emerges when individuals collaborate and share knowledge.

Cognitive scientists have found that group dynamics can significantly enhance problem-solving abilities, as diverse perspectives contribute to a richer understanding of complex issues.

Collaborative tools, such as shared documents and online communication platforms, facilitate this collective cognition by enabling real-time exchanges of ideas and information.

These interactions not only augment individual cognitive capacities but also create a shared cognitive environment that fosters creativity and innovation.

Research has demonstrated that groups capable of effectively leveraging their collective intelligence can outperform individuals working alone.

Applications in daily life

External resources we can use include:

> Tools to enhance memory and learning

From simple notepads and whiteboards to sophisticated digital applications, these tools serve as extensions of our cognitive capabilities. For instance, writing down information helps to offload cognitive burdens, allowing individuals to process and retain information more effectively.

Smartphones and tablets provide access to vast amounts of information, enabling learners to engage with content in diverse ways e.g. via interactive quizzes or multimedia presentations.

These tools not only facilitate the encoding and retrieval of information but also support active learning strategies, such as spaced repetition, which can lead to deeper understanding and retention.

> Collaborations to solve problems

When individuals come together, their collective cognitive resources can exceed the capabilminds. ities of isolated Teamwork allows for the poolknowledge, ing of skills and perspectives, resulting in enhanced problem-solving and creativity.

For example, brainstorming sessions leverage the diverse insights of team members, leading to innovative solutions that may not have emerged from solitary thinking. Moreover, collaborative tools – such as shared digital platforms and project management software – create environments where ideas can be easily exchanged, thus extending cognitive processes beyond the individual.

> Mindfulness and environmental awareness

Being attuned to our surroundings and recognising how they influence our thoughts and behaviours can lead to more intentional decision-making.

Meditation and nature walks can enhance our awareness of the relationship between our minds and the external world, enabling us to engage with our environments in more meaningful ways.

We can then create environments – be it through decluttering our spaces or surrounding ourselves with inspiring stimuli – that promote focus, creativity, and mental well-being.

Future direction

The concept of the extended mind has significantly reshaped our understanding of cognition, challenging traditional notions that confine mental processes within the skull.

By positing that our cognitive capacities extend into our environments, tools and social interactions, the theory offers a broader perspective on how we think, learn and interact with the world around us.

This paradigm shift has profound implications not only for cognitive science but also for education, technology, and our daily lives.

One promising direction lies in the integration of technology into our cognitive processes.

Researchers might explore how emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and AR, can serve as cognitive extensions, enhancing our problem-solving abilities and decision-making processes.

Future studies could investigate how social networks and collaborative platforms influence group dynamics and collective problem-solving.

By examining the interplay between individual and communal cognition, researchers can better understand how we can harness the power of social interactions to enhance learning and innovation.

Mindfulness and environmental awareness also present fertile ground for exploration.

In conclusion, the theory of the extended mind invites us to reimagine the boundaries of cognition and its myriad influences.

By embracing the extended mind framework, we can unlock new avenues for understanding human cognition, ultimately enriching our experiences and interactions in an increasingly complex world.

By Datuk Dr Nor Ashikin Mokhtar who is a consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist, and a functional medicine practitioner. For further information, email starhealth@ thestar.com.my. The information provided is for educational and communication purposes only, and it should not be construed as personal medical advice. Information published in this article is not intended to replace, supplant or augment a consultation with a health professional regarding the reader’s own medical care. The Star does not give any warranty on accuracy, completeness, functionality, usefulness or other assurances as to the content appearing in this column. The Star disclaims all responsibility for any losses, damage to property or personal injury suffered directly or indirectly from reliance on such information.

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MINIMISE THOSE UNSIGHTLY VEINS

 

 

 

Minimise those unsightly veinsVaricose veins cannot be cured, but there are treatments that can reduce their appearance and relieve discomfort.

 

chronic varicose veins cause problems ranging from solely cosmetic – women don’t like how they look – to discomfort to more severe problems such as blood clots and ulcers. — TNS

ONE out of two women and one out of three men have varicose veins.

Varicose veins are swollen blood vessels that appear under your skin’s surface in your lower body.

Blood backs up in your veins when your vein walls are weak and your valves aren’t working properly.

Your legs, feet or ankles will develop blue and purple bulges as a result.

They may be painful or itchy. The spider veins, which often surround varicose veins, are smaller red or purple lines on the surface of the skin.

While varicose veins can be unsightly and uncomfortable, they aren’t dangerous.

However, it is possible for severe varicose veins to cause serious health problems, such as blood clots.

Injections, laser therapy, or surgery can treat most varicose vein symptoms.

What causes them

As blood pressure in your vein increases, the weakened walls of your veins allow your vein to become larger.

When your vein stretches, the valves that keep blood flowing in one direction can’t function properly.

In a sluggish vein, blood pools or backs up, causing your vein to swell, bulge and twist.

Varicose veins can be caused by several factors.

As we age, our vein walls and valves become less efficient. And as the veins age, they become stiffer and lose elasticity.

Vein walls can stretch as a result of female hormones.

Varicose veins are more common in pregnant women, people taking birth control pills, and women going through menopause.

A study published by researchers at the Universitat Leipzig in Germany noted that all of the men in their study with varicose veins had higher levels of estradiol and lower levels of testosterone compared to the men with healthy veins.

In one recent study, regardless of age, the men with varicoceles (an enlargement of the veins within the loose bag of skin that holds the testicles) had significantly lower testosterone levels than the men without them.

There is a family history of this condition (it runs in families).

Varicose veins are more likely to develop in people who use tobacco products.

Sometimes, blood vessels are pressed by excess weight (obesity).

Standing or sitting for long periods of time decreases circulation.

Blood flow can be decreased by wearing restrictive clothing, such as girdles or pants with tight waistbands.

Pressure in the veins is increased by certain health conditions, such as severe constipation or certain tumours.

Usually, varicose veins appear as gnarled, blue or purple veins just under the skin’s surface.

Look out for these signs

Symptoms include:

> Bulging veins: Twisted, swollen, rope-like veins are often blue or purple.

They appear just below the surface of the skin on your legs, ankles and feet. They can develop in clusters. Tiny red or blue lines (spider veins) may appear nearby.

> Heavy legs: After physical activity, your legs may feel tired, heavy, or sluggish.

> Itching: Varicose veins may itch around the area.

> Pain: Your legs may be sore, achy, or painful, especially behind your knees. Muscle cramps may also occur.

> Swelling: Your legs, ankles and feet can swell and throb.

> Skin discolouration and ulcers: Leaving varicose veins untreated can cause brown discolourations on the skin.

Venous ulcers (sores) can result from severe varicose veins.

Are varicose veins common?

Varicose veins affect around a third of all adults, and are more common in women than in men.

Spider veins are commonly misdiagnosed as varicose veins, but there is a difference.

Varicose veins are thicker and larger than spider veins, which resemble red or blue spider webs or branches of trees.

They appear close to the skin’s surface.

There is usually no pain associated with spider veins and they can appear behind your knees, on your feet, or on your face.

On the other hand, varicose veins affects only the legs and feet.

They develop on the lower half of the body, usually in the calves, ankles and feet.

Sometimes, varicose veins can develop in the pelvis (pelvic congestion syndrome), especially in women who have had children.

In men, varicose veins in the testicles can cause infertility.

How a diagnosis is made

During a physical examination, healthcare providers can diagnose the condition.

Your veins will be felt and examined while you sit and stand.

Ultrasounds can show how your valves are working and if there are blood clots.

Varicose veins may not be preventable.

By living an active, healthy lifestyle, you can reduce your risk of developing them.

The following measures are recommended by healthcare providers to prevent and treat varicose veins:

> Avoid long periods of standing: If you work on your feet all day, take frequent breaks to stretch and walk around.

> Elevate your legs: Keeping your feet above your waist will increase blood flow to your heart. 

 > Stay active: Avoid sitting for too long and move frequently to improve circulation. 

> Try compression stockings: They compress your veins and help blood circulate, preventing varicose veins from getting worse. > 

Wear clothes that fit properly: Make sure your waistband isn’t too tight to encourage blood flow.

> Maintain a healthy weight: Losing excess pounds reduces blood vessel pressure.

> Quit tobacco use: Smoking damages blood vessels, reduces blood flow, and causes a variety of health problems.  

Treatment options 

Varicose veins cannot be cured, but these treatments can reduce their appearance and relieve discomfort:

> Injection therapy (sclerotherapy): Medical professionals inject a solution into your veins so that the vein walls stick together as a result of the solution.

Eventually, your vein turns into scar tissue and fades away.

> Laser therapy: Endovenous thermal ablation is a minimally invasive procedure that closes off damaged veins with the use of a catheter (a long, thin tube).

> Vein surgery: A vein is ligated or stripped during these procedures to prevent blood from pooling.

The vein may be removed (stripped) to prevent varicose veins from returning.

Do be aware that treatments for varicose veins have side effects.

The side effects associated with sclerotherapy include redness or bruising for a few days where a needle went into your skin; lumps or hardness for a few months; brown areas (for several months) on skin where the needle touched; and the possibility of developing new varicose veins after sclerotherapy.

After endovenous ablation, varicose veins can also occur again in half of the people who have surgical stripping.

Potential side effects of this treatment include injury to a nerve, deep vein thrombosis (a blood clot in a vein deep inside your body), skin burns, scarring and infection.

Should I just live with it?

Varicose veins aren’t usually dangerous, but you should see your healthcare provider for an examination.

It’s possible to treat varicose veins if you are worried about how they look or if they are uncomfortable. Your provider should be consulted as soon as possible if your skin or veins are painful, red or warm to the touch, swollen, bleeding or discoloured.

Varicose veins affect millions of people.

For most of them, they do not pose a serious health risk.

At-home remedies and lifestyle changes can relieve symptoms and prevent them from getting worse.

You can reduce varicose vein pain and improve their appearance with safe and minimally invasive treatments.

Remember that it’s not just you who suffers from this condition.

Sometimes varicose veins can be prevented with improving the levels of testosterone with testosterone replacement therapy.

Understand that despite treatment, varicose veins can return.

If you are not sure which treatment is best for you, speak with your healthcare provider.

by Datuk Dr Nor Ashikin Mokhtar is a consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist, and a functional medicine practitioner. For further information, email starhealth@thestar.com. my. The information provided is for educational and communication purposes only, and it should not be construed as personal medical advice. Information published in this article is not intended to replace, supplant or augment a consultation with a health professional regarding the reader’s own medical care. The Star does not give any warranty on accuracy, completeness, functionality, usefulness or other assurances as to the content appearing in this column. The Star disclaims all responsibility for any losses, damage to property or personal injury suffered directly or indirectly from reliance on such information.

Work From Home (WFH) without pain

"The best posture is the next posture,” ergonomic expert Karen Loesing said about how workers can prevent back and neck pain through ergonomics.

This Is What Happens To Your Body When You Work From Home ...

Here are six tips to help avoid the pain that can come from a makeshift home office during this work-from-home ( WFH) period.

MANY of us are currently working from home during the conditional movement control order.

While it is an excellent precaution to avoid catching the SARSCoV-2 virus that causes Covid-19 (not to mention other viruses and bacteria), you might find that your makeshift home “office” is causing you pain in your neck, shoulders and back.

Working for extended periods of time at your dining or coffee table is not great for your body and overall health.

Without those adjustable office chairs, you have to be extra conscious of your posture and routine if you want to combat the stress and strain that come from sitting in a compromised position all day long.

Fortunately, there are cheap and creative ways to make your work-from-home set-up more ergonomic.

Stay comfortable and avoid back pain while you work remotely for the foreseeable future with these tips.

Elevate your workstation

At work, your desktop or laptop is at a work station with an adjustable chair.

But at home, working for 40plus hours a week at your dining table can lead to back, shoulder and neck strain.

Laptops are never good ergonomically as the monitor is usually too low.

Ideally, the top of your monitor should be just below you eye level, so that you don’t have to strain your neck while reading.

If you’re working on a reading-intensive task, prop your laptop up on objects (like a stack of books or shoeboxes) so that it’s at your eye level.

You can also invest in an external monitor or a laptop stand.

When you need to type, do lower your laptop to a level that allows your arms to be comfortably bent at 90° angles while doing so.

Work at the appropriate height

The height of your workstation at home should be one that naturally allows your elbows to be at the same level as the table, desk or counter.

This will promote better wrist alignment and help avoid stiffness and stress on the carpal tunnel.

If compulsory working from home stretches on (as appears to be happening), you might want to invest in an appropriate office chair for your home workstation.

You should look for chairs that have adjustable height and back rests, as well as arm rests and good lumbar support.

A wheeled chair will allow you to easily adjust your distance from the computer and move it around

if necessary. The features of a good office chair will save you from much lumbar and neck discomfort, and is worth the investment.

Elevate your feet

Supporting your feet on an elevated surface or stretching your legs creates better blood circulation as you work throughout the day.

Ideally, your hips and knees should form 90° angles when you sit in your chair.

Place your feet on a few books or shoeboxes under your desk, so that your thighs are parallel to the floor and your hips slightly higher than your knees.

This will reduce stress on your lumbar spine.

When you start feeling stiff, move your feet back and forth.

Use the 20/20/20 rule

This rule states that for every 20 minutes spent looking at your computer screen, take 20 seconds to look at something else that is at least 20 feet (6m) away.

This will give your eye muscles a break and reduce eye strain.

Vary your position

It’s crucial to vary your posture throughout the day as sitting in the same position all day long is the quickest way to getting back, neck and shoulder pain.

For some variety, move to different places around the house throughout the day.

Make one spot your main workstation, but also move to a place where you can stand to work, change tables or rooms, or sit on your couch for short periods.

But do not turn your couch into your main workstation!

As tempting as it sounds, the couch is not an optimal place to work at your computer for the entire day.

While it may be comfortable, having your legs or whole body in a horizontal or diagonal position can lead to muscle numbness and discomfort.

Instead, you can make your main workstation more comfortable in several ways.

Placing a thin pillow or cushion on your seat can make a regular chair much more comfortable.

Draping a soft fleece blanket over the back of your chair is also a small thing that can make your chair feel plush.

To reduce lower back pain, add a rolled towel between your chair and lower back for lumbar support.

Take regular breaks

Because we don’t have an official lunch hour while working from home, it’s easy to snack on small things while working throughout the day instead of eating a proper lunch.

Cooking a meal and staying hydrated gives you the opportunity to stand up and allow your eyes to rest from the glare of the computer screen.

Set boundaries so as not to be tempted to work through the night by sticking to your regular work hours or usual number of hours at work.

Most people take breaks to walk around when they’re in the office, but when you’re at home, there may be a tendency to forget to do this and keep going without enough breaks.

Stay active

Set a timer to go off every hour to remind yourself to take a break for three to five minutes.

Walk around, do some basic stretches or take the chance to finish some quick chores like washing the dishes from lunch or folding the laundry.

Datuk Dr Nor Ashikin Mokhtar

Datuk Dr Nor Ashikin Mokhtar is a consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist, and a functional medicine practitioner. For further information, email starhealth@ thestar.com. my. The information provided is for educational and communication purposes only and it should not be construed as personal medical advice. Information published in this article is not intended to replace, supplant or augment a consultation with a health professional regarding the reader’s own medical care. The Star does not give any warranty on accuracy, completeness, functionality, usefulness or other assurances as to the content appearing in this column. The Star disclaims all responsibility for any losses, damage to property or personal injury suffered directly or indirectly from reliance on such information.

 

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